Authors: K Koumaditis, U Radhakrishnan, LF Lui, G Pedersen, F Chinello
Published in: Computers & Education: X Reality 8, 100129, 2026
DOI: 10.1016/j.cexr.2025.100129
Abstract
Much remains unknown about how virtual reality (VR) environments affect working memory (WM), i.e. the retention of a small amount of information in a readily accessible form. While WM is associated with one’s information processing capabilities, executive function, comprehension and problem solving — parameters vital for one to act in a VR environment — it is unclear whether it is affected when information is conveyed through virtual interfaces. In this study, using 106 participants, we examine whether WM in a virtual environment is affected when a 3D avatar or 2D video interface delivers verbal or spatial information, or a combination of the two types. The results did not show statistically significant differences between the two conditions for verbal or spatial tasks. However, a non-significant trend was observed in tasks engaging the central executive, suggesting a potential interface-related effect worth further exploration. These findings highlight the importance of future research on multimodal interface design in VR.
Related project: fine-motor-skill-vr